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"Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students’ conceptions of Greek letters
written by Jared Arnell, Rida Munir, Hillary Swanson, and John Edwards
Symbolic representation is a cornerstone of mathematics and science. While much research has explored student understanding of various mathematical symbols, there is very little known about the way students conceptualize the use of Greek letters in scientific notation. In this work, we share excerpts from interviews with upper-division physics students, which illuminate their experience with Greek symbol use. The students reported frequently mistaking pairs of similar-looking Greek and Latin letters. They also felt that their texts and instructors had not sufficiently introduced novel Greek letters or explained what they represented in the equations. The students also disliked how often a single Greek letter would be used in multiple contexts – or that different texts and instructors would not follow the same convention for which letter to use in a single context. These observations suggest that educators should devote additional time to introducing and discussing Greek letters in scientific contexts.
Physics Education Research Conference 2025
Part of the PER Conference series
Washington, DC: August 6-7, 2025
Pages 35-40
Subjects Levels Resource Types
Education - Basic Research
- Communication
= Representations
- Problem Solving
= Representational Use
- Student Characteristics
= Affect
Mathematical Tools
- Problem-Solving Techniques
- Upper Undergraduate
- Reference Material
= Research study
PER-Central Type Intended Users Ratings
- PER Literature
- Educators
- Professional/Practitioners
- Researchers
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Format:
application/pdf
Mirror:
https://doi.org/10.1119/perc.2025…
Access Rights:
Free access
License:
This material is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the published article's author(s), title, proceedings citation, and DOI.
Rights Holder:
American Association of Physics Teachers
DOI:
10.1119/perc.2025.pr.Arnell
NSF Number:
2235569
Keyword:
PERC 2025
Record Creator:
Metadata instance created October 16, 2025 by Lyle Barbato
Record Updated:
October 27, 2025 by Lyle Barbato
Last Update
when Cataloged:
October 28, 2025
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Record Link
AIP Format
J. Arnell, R. Munir, H. Swanson, and J. Edwards, , presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, 2025, WWW Document, (https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042).
AJP/PRST-PER
J. Arnell, R. Munir, H. Swanson, and J. Edwards, "Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students’ conceptions of Greek letters, presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, 2025, <https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042>.
APA Format
Arnell, J., Munir, R., Swanson, H., & Edwards, J. (2025, August 6-7). "Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students’ conceptions of Greek letters. Paper presented at Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC. Retrieved February 11, 2026, from https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042
Chicago Format
Arnell, J, R. Munir, H. Swanson, and J. Edwards. ""Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students’ conceptions of Greek letters." Paper presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, August 6-7, 2025. https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042 (accessed 11 February 2026).
MLA Format
Arnell, Jared, Rida Munir, Hillary Swanson, and John Edwards. ""Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students’ conceptions of Greek letters." Physics Education Research Conference 2025. Washington, DC: 2025. 35-40 of PER Conference. 11 Feb. 2026 <https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042>.
BibTeX Export Format
@inproceedings{ Author = "Jared Arnell and Rida Munir and Hillary Swanson and John Edwards", Title = {"Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students’ conceptions of Greek letters}, BookTitle = {Physics Education Research Conference 2025}, Pages = {35-40}, Address = {Washington, DC}, Series = {PER Conference}, Month = {August 6-7}, Year = {2025} }
Refer Export Format

%A Jared Arnell %A Rida Munir %A Hillary Swanson %A John Edwards %T "Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students' conceptions of Greek letters %S PER Conference %D August 6-7 2025 %P 35-40 %C Washington, DC %U https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042 %O Physics Education Research Conference 2025 %O August 6-7 %O application/pdf

EndNote Export Format

%0 Conference Proceedings %A Arnell, Jared %A Munir, Rida %A Swanson, Hillary %A Edwards, John %D August 6-7 2025 %T "Psi equals craziness": Upper-division physics students' conceptions of Greek letters %B Physics Education Research Conference 2025 %C Washington, DC %P 35-40 %S PER Conference %8 August 6-7 %U https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17114&DocID=6042


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