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Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education
written by Jeremiah Bass and Shannon D. Willoughby
The degree to which curricula can be understood depends on how they are defined and presented. If features of the content itself are not well-defined, or if the content is presented in a vague or misleading manner, then this places limitations on conceptual understanding. Such curricula lack a degree of formalization. Formalization is the process of translating an unclear or incomplete idea into a precise, well-defined concept or mathematical structure. This has applications in physics and physics education. Quantum mechanics is notoriously difficult to understand, especially with its departure from classical intuition, but we argue that a lack of formalization in quantum models and curricula is a major source of that confusion. Formalization in this context is compared with other conceptual difficulties such as quantum indeterminacy and philosophical interpretations of quantum mechanics. Recommendations are offered for physics educators and future research.
Physics Education Research Conference 2025
Part of the PER Conference series
Washington, DC: August 6-7, 2025
Pages 60-66
Subjects Levels Resource Types
Education - Applied Research
- Curriculum Development
= Course
- Instructional Material Design
Education - Basic Research
- Learning Theory
General Physics
- Philosophy
Quantum Physics
- Foundations and Measurements
- Graduate/Professional
- Reference Material
= Research study
PER-Central Type Intended Users Ratings
- PER Literature
- Researchers
- Professional/Practitioners
- Educators
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Format:
application/pdf
Mirror:
https://doi.org/10.1119/perc.2025…
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Free access
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This material is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the published article's author(s), title, proceedings citation, and DOI.
Rights Holder:
American Association of Physics Teachers
DOI:
10.1119/perc.2025.pr.Bass
Keyword:
PERC 2025
Record Creator:
Metadata instance created October 20, 2025 by Lyle Barbato
Record Updated:
October 27, 2025 by Lyle Barbato
Last Update
when Cataloged:
October 28, 2025
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Record Link
AIP Format
J. Bass and S. Willoughby, , presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, 2025, WWW Document, (https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046).
AJP/PRST-PER
J. Bass and S. Willoughby, Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education, presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, 2025, <https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046>.
APA Format
Bass, J., & Willoughby, S. (2025, August 6-7). Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education. Paper presented at Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC. Retrieved February 14, 2026, from https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046
Chicago Format
Bass, Jeremiah, and Shannon Willoughby. "Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education." Paper presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, August 6-7, 2025. https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046 (accessed 14 February 2026).
MLA Format
Bass, Jeremiah, and Shannon Willoughby. "Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education." Physics Education Research Conference 2025. Washington, DC: 2025. 60-66 of PER Conference. 14 Feb. 2026 <https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046>.
BibTeX Export Format
@inproceedings{ Author = "Jeremiah Bass and Shannon Willoughby", Title = {Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education}, BookTitle = {Physics Education Research Conference 2025}, Pages = {60-66}, Address = {Washington, DC}, Series = {PER Conference}, Month = {August 6-7}, Year = {2025} }
Refer Export Format

%A Jeremiah Bass %A Shannon Willoughby %T Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education %S PER Conference %D August 6-7 2025 %P 60-66 %C Washington, DC %U https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046 %O Physics Education Research Conference 2025 %O August 6-7 %O application/pdf

EndNote Export Format

%0 Conference Proceedings %A Bass, Jeremiah %A Willoughby, Shannon %D August 6-7 2025 %T Clarifying Quantum Mechanics: The Importance of Formalization in Education %B Physics Education Research Conference 2025 %C Washington, DC %P 60-66 %S PER Conference %8 August 6-7 %U https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17118&DocID=6046


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