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Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams
written by William D. Block and Colin G. West
"Two-stage" exam formats, in which students take an exam and then repeat portions in a small-group setting, have been studied for years as a method to bring interactivity and peer-instruction into the classroom. Despite evidence of educational benefits, they have not yet seen widespread adoption at the scale of other active-learning interventions, perhaps in part because the mechanisms behind the potential benefits have been less thoroughly explored. We propose a theory of successful group exams in which students advocate for their chosen answers and deliberate thoughtfully among the options presented, without resorting to strategies like majority voting or deference to a single seemingly-strong student. By categorizing decision patterns across a sample of 59 group exam questions we provide statistical evidence that group exams can indeed support these kinds of pedagogically valuable interactions, and we examine the ways that different exam questions can influence productive or counterproductive interaction types.
Physics Education Research Conference 2025
Part of the PER Conference series
Washington, DC: August 6-7, 2025
Pages 79-84
Subjects Levels Resource Types
Education - Applied Research
- Active Learning
= Peer Instruction
- Classroom Management
Education - Basic Research
- Assessment
= Methods
- Behavior
= Social Interaction
- Learning Theory
- Lower Undergraduate
- Reference Material
= Research study
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Format:
application/pdf
Mirror:
https://doi.org/10.1119/perc.2025…
Access Rights:
Free access
License:
This material is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the published article's author(s), title, proceedings citation, and DOI.
Rights Holder:
American Association of Physics Teachers
DOI:
10.1119/perc.2025.pr.Block
Keyword:
PERC 2025
Record Creator:
Metadata instance created October 20, 2025 by Lyle Barbato
Record Updated:
October 27, 2025 by Lyle Barbato
Last Update
when Cataloged:
October 28, 2025
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Record Link
AIP Format
W. Block and C. West, , presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, 2025, WWW Document, (https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049).
AJP/PRST-PER
W. Block and C. West, Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams, presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, 2025, <https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049>.
APA Format
Block, W., & West, C. (2025, August 6-7). Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams. Paper presented at Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC. Retrieved December 12, 2025, from https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049
Chicago Format
Block, William D., and Colin G. West. "Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams." Paper presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2025, Washington, DC, August 6-7, 2025. https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049 (accessed 12 December 2025).
MLA Format
Block, William D., and Colin G. West. "Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams." Physics Education Research Conference 2025. Washington, DC: 2025. 79-84 of PER Conference. 12 Dec. 2025 <https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049>.
BibTeX Export Format
@inproceedings{ Author = "William D. Block and Colin G. West", Title = {Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams}, BookTitle = {Physics Education Research Conference 2025}, Pages = {79-84}, Address = {Washington, DC}, Series = {PER Conference}, Month = {August 6-7}, Year = {2025} }
Refer Export Format

%A William D. Block %A Colin G. West %T Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams %S PER Conference %D August 6-7 2025 %P 79-84 %C Washington, DC %U https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049 %O Physics Education Research Conference 2025 %O August 6-7 %O application/pdf

EndNote Export Format

%0 Conference Proceedings %A Block, William D. %A West, Colin G. %D August 6-7 2025 %T Theories and patterns of productive group interaction in two-stage introductory physics exams %B Physics Education Research Conference 2025 %C Washington, DC %P 79-84 %S PER Conference %8 August 6-7 %U https://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=17121&DocID=6049


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The AIP Style presented is based on information from the AIP Style Manual.

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